Cat behavior

Understanding your cat's behavior 

Cat behavior refers to the diverse actions and reactions cats exhibit in response to different stimuli and events. These behaviors include body language, elimination habits, aggression, play, communication, hunting, grooming, urine marking, and face rubbing. Each cat's behavior can differ significantly based on their individual personality, the dynamics within their social group, and their breed.

Communication and sociability among cats can vary widely. In multi-cat households, the way cats interact can shift depending on the presence of specific individuals and the availability of territory and resources. When territory and resources are limited, one or more cats may become aggressive. This aggression can lead to fighting, which often results in scratches and deep bite wounds. This aggression is typically a way for cats to establish dominance or defend their territory and resources.

Understanding these behaviors is crucial for cat owners, as it helps in managing multi-cat households and preventing conflicts. Providing ample space, resources such as food, water, and litter boxes, and opportunities for social interaction can help reduce tension and aggression among cats. Additionally, recognizing signs of stress or aggression early can prevent escalations into fights, ensuring a harmonious environment for all cats involved.

What is the lineage of cats?

Studies suggest that domestic cats have two main lineages. One lineage started in Asia Minor around 6,400 years ago and spread north and west into Europe. The other lineage began in Egypt between 6,400 and 1,000 years ago and then spread throughout the Mediterranean region. As these lineages spread, they continued to interbreed with the African wildcat.

What family does the domestic cat belong to?

The domestic cat, also known as the house cat or by its scientific name, Felis catus, belongs to the family Felidae in the order Carnivora. It is the smallest member of this family, which also includes big cats like lions, tigers, and pumas.

Cats are divided into two subfamilies within the Felidae family. The subfamily Pantherinae includes the big cats that can roar, like lions, tigers, and leopards. The subfamily Felinae includes smaller cats that can purr, like cougars, bobcats, and domestic cats. Research suggests that purring in domestic cats is due to a special pad in their vocal cords, which has extra fatty tissue that allows the vocal cords to vibrate at low frequencies, producing the purring sound.

Domestic cats are known for several distinctive features. They have retractable claws, which they can pull back into their paws. They have strong, agile bodies and highly developed senses, such as sharp hearing and excellent night vision. Their long tails help with balance, and their specialized teeth are adapted for hunting and catching prey. These characteristics make them effective hunters and agile climbers.

Origin and history of cats

The origin and history of cats trace back millions of years, highlighting an evolutionary journey that has led to the diverse and widespread felid family we see today.

Early Evolution: Proailurus and Pseudaelurus

Proailurus: The first felinelike mammal, Proailurus, appeared around 30 million years ago during the Oligocene epoch. This small, civetlike predator is often regarded as the earliest ancestor of modern cats. Proailurus had features that are characteristic of felids, such as a lithe body, sharp claws, and teeth adapted for a carnivorous diet.

Pseudaelurus: Following Proailurus, the genus Pseudaelurus emerged around 20 million years ago. Pseudaelurus species were more advanced and exhibited more cat-like features compared to their predecessors. They had a more flexible spine, retractable claws, and a body structure that was becoming increasingly specialized for hunting. Pseudaelurus is believed to have given rise to both modern cats (Felinae) and the larger, roaring cats of the Pantherinae subfamily.

Diversification and Adaptation

Felids in the Pliocene Epoch: The first true cats resembling modern felids appeared during the early Pliocene Epoch, around 5.3 to 3.6 million years ago. These early cats included species that were already well-adapted to various ecological niches, demonstrating a remarkable ability to thrive in diverse environments.

Pantherinae and Felinae Subfamilies: Over time, the felid family split into two main subfamilies: Pantherinae and Felinae. The Pantherinae subfamily includes the larger, roaring cats such as lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars. These species possess a specialized larynx that allows them to produce deep, resonant roars. In contrast, the Felinae subfamily encompasses the smaller, purring cats, including domestic cats, cougars, and cheetahs. These cats have vocal cords adapted for purring, a unique feature that sets them apart from their larger relatives.

Domestication

The Domestication of Cats: A Fascinating Journey

A Tale of Two Pets: Cats vs. Dogs

Consider the journey of our common household pets, cats and dogs. Dogs, which descended from pack-living wolves, were naturally inclined towards social structures and obedience. Over 30,000 years of domestication, dogs have undergone dramatic physical and behavioral changes, easily transferring their loyalty from pack leaders to human masters.

Cats, however, took a different path. Their ancestors, the solitary hunters, have remained largely unchanged. The domestic cat, Felis catus, is almost identical to its wild relatives. Unlike dogs, cats haven't developed the juvenile facial features or dependency traits. They maintain a strong independent streak, and their bodies, abilities, and temperaments remain as agile and self-sufficient as their wild cousins.

Ancestral Links and Feral Life

The closest ancestor to the domestic cat is the small wildcat of the Middle East and Africa, Felis Silvestre's lybica. These wildcats are so genetically similar to today's domestic cats that they interbreed freely. In some regions, this interbreeding threatens the pure wildcat species' existence.

This strong genetic link to their wild ancestors explains why cats can still thrive independently. Unlike dogs, cats can easily revert to a feral lifestyle, hunting and surviving without human assistance. Experts argue that this resilience means cats aren't fully domesticated, despite their long association with humans.

Early Human-Cat Relationships

The earliest known human-cat interactions date back to the advent of agriculture in the Middle East, about 15,000 to 10,000 years ago. As humans transitioned from hunter-gatherers to farmers, storing surplus grain attracted rodents, which in turn attracted wild cats. This mutual benefit laid the foundation for a unique partnership: humans needed pest control, and cats found an abundant food source.

Cats' role evolved beyond mere pest control. A remarkable grave in southern Cyprus, dating back around 9,500 years, contained both human and cat remains, suggesting that cats were already seen as companions. Since cats aren't native to Cyprus, their presence indicates they were transported by humans, reflecting early domestication and companionship.

Cats in Ancient Cultures

Cats spread globally along trade routes, adapting to human life in diverse cultures. In ancient Egypt, they transitioned from useful predators to revered symbols of divinity. Cats were cherished as divine protectors and symbols of good fortune. Egyptian royalty adorned their cats with gold, while common folk wore cat-themed jewelry. Cats featured prominently in Egyptian art and tombs, and thousands of cat mummies have been discovered, highlighting their cultural importance.

Elsewhere, cats also left their mark. In Crete, 1600 BCE wall tiles depict hunting cats. In Greece, art and literature from the 5th century BCE reference cats. China had cat-themed tiles from 500 BCE, and in India, cats appeared in Sanskrit writings around 100 BCE. Cats reached Arab and Japanese cultures around 600 CE, and in Britain, laws protecting cats date back to 936 CE, under Prince Hywel Dda.

The Enduring Legacy of Cats

From their early days hunting rodents in Middle Eastern granaries to their revered status in ancient Egypt, cats have captivated human societies across the globe. Their ability to maintain independence, coupled with their unique bond with humans, makes them one of history's most fascinating domesticated animals. Despite their long association with people, cats have retained much of their wild essence, continuing to enchant and intrigue us with their mysterious ways.

Breed Origins: Tracing the Lineage of Domestic Cats

The Early Beginnings

The domestication of cats likely began around 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, a region known for the early development of agriculture. This area spans parts of modern-day Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq. Early farmers stored surplus grain, which attracted rodents. Wildcats, including Felis Silvestri's lybica, were drawn to these easy hunting grounds. Over time, a symbiotic relationship developed: humans appreciated the pest control, and cats benefited from an abundant food source.

Development of Distinct Breeds

Unlike dogs, which were selectively bred by humans for various roles, cats' domestication was more organic. They chose to live near human settlements, and over generations, some adapted to living alongside people. This process was gradual and largely driven by natural selection. However, specific cat breeds began to emerge due to geographical isolation, natural mutations, and, more recently, deliberate breeding.

Ancient Breeds and Cultural Significance

Some cat breeds have ancient origins and were revered in historical cultures:

Egyptian Mau: Often considered one of the oldest cat breeds, the Egyptian Mau is believed to be a direct descendant of the cats worshipped in ancient Egypt. This breed retains a wild appearance, with striking spots and a distinctive "M" shaped marking on its forehead.

Siamese: Originating from Thailand (formerly Siam), Siamese cats were once kept exclusively by royalty. They were highly valued and played significant roles in religious and cultural ceremonies.

Abyssinian: The Abyssinian breed is thought to have roots in ancient Ethiopia (formerly Abyssinia). Its sleek, elegant appearance and ticking coat pattern are reminiscent of the African wildcat.

Middle Ages and the Renaissance

During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, cats spread throughout Europe and Asia along trade routes. They were valued for their rodent control abilities but also faced periods of persecution, particularly during times of superstition and the Black Plague, when they were wrongly associated with witchcraft.

Despite these challenges, some distinct breeds emerged:

Persian: The Persian cat, with its long, luxurious coat and calm demeanor, is one of the oldest and most popular breeds. Its exact origins are unclear, but it is believed to have been brought to Europe from Persia (modern-day Iran) in the 1600s.

Turkish Angora: Hailing from Turkey, this breed was first documented in the 1600s. The Turkish Angora is known for its silky coat, bushy tail, and affectionate personality.

Modern Breeding and New Breeds

In the 19th and 20th centuries, cat fanciers began to breed cats more deliberately, leading to the development of many of the breeds we recognize today. Some notable examples include:

Maine Coon: This American breed is one of the largest domesticated cats. It likely originated from the cats brought by European settlers, adapting to the harsh New England climate with its thick, water-repellent coat.

British Shorthair: The British Shorthair traces its origins to the domestic cats of Rome, brought to Britain by Roman invaders. Over centuries, these cats adapted to the British climate, developing a robust, sturdy build and a dense coat.

Sphynx: This breed is known for its lack of fur, a result of a natural genetic mutation. The Sphynx cat's origins date back to the 1960s in Canada, where the breed was further developed through selective breeding.

Hybrid Breeds

In recent decades, breeders have created hybrid breeds by crossing domestic cats with wild species. These hybrids often have striking appearances and unique traits:

Bengal: Developed by crossing domestic cats with the Asian leopard cat, Bengals have a distinctive spotted or marbled coat and a wild, energetic personality.

Savannah: This breed is a cross between a domestic cat and a serval, a wild African cat. Savannahs are known for their tall, slender bodies, large ears, and playful, dog-like behavior.

The Future of Cat Breeding

As interest in cat breeding continues to grow, new breeds are being developed, focusing on unique appearances and specific temperaments. Ethical breeding practices are increasingly emphasized to ensure the health and well-being of these cats. Meanwhile, efforts to preserve and protect ancient and natural breeds remain important, recognizing their historical and cultural significance.

What is normal cat behavior?

Normal Cat Behavior: An Overview

Understanding normal cat behavior is essential for pet owners and anyone interested in feline psychology. Cats have a range of behaviors that are natural and indicative of their well-being. Here's a detailed look at some of the most common and normal behaviors exhibited by domestic cats.

Purring

Purring is a multifaceted behavior in cats. While commonly linked with relaxation and contentment, it can also signal stress, injury, or the need for comfort. Mother cats often purr to guide their kittens to nurse, using vibrations as a form of communication. Cats may also purr to socialize with other cats or convey desires to their human companions.

Scruffing, or grasping a cat by the loose skin on the back of the neck, is not recommended. Though it mimics how a mother cat carries her kittens, it can distress and discomfort the cat.

Wagging its Tail:

Behavior: Cats may wag their tails for various reasons, not always indicating happiness like in dogs. A slow wag can signal indecision or curiosity, while a fast wag can indicate agitation or excitement.

Meaning: Understanding the context and other body language cues is crucial for interpreting tail wagging accurately.

Napping:

Behavior: Cats sleep a lot, typically 12-16 hours a day, often in short naps.

Purpose: Napping helps cats conserve energy, maintain alertness for hunting, and facilitates growth and repair.

Chirping:

Behavior: Chirping is a unique vocalization cats make, often observed when they're observing prey or feeling excited.

Purpose: It may mimic the sound of birds or be a way for cats to communicate with their owners or other cats.

Rising Early:

Behavior: Cats are crepuscular, meaning they are most active during dawn and dusk.

Purpose: This behavior is inherited from their wild ancestors and aligns with hunting and territorial behaviors.

Knocking Things Over:

Behavior: Cats may knock things over out of curiosity or as a form of play.

Purpose: This behavior can also be an attention-seeking tactic or a way for cats to explore their environment and satisfy their natural instincts.

Scratching Furniture:

Behavior: Scratching is a natural behavior for cats that helps them maintain healthy claws, mark their territory, and stretch their muscles.

Solution: Providing appropriate scratching posts or pads and redirecting the behavior can help protect furniture.

Licking You:

Behavior: Licking is a form of grooming and bonding for cats. It's a sign of affection and trust.

Meaning: Cats may lick their owners to groom them, show affection, or seek attention.

Licking Itself:

Behavior: Cats spend a significant amount of time grooming themselves to keep their fur clean and free of parasites.

Purpose: Grooming helps regulate body temperature, stimulate circulation, and remove dead hair and debris.

Bringing Dead Animals (or Toys):

Behavior: Cats may bring dead animals or toys to their owners as a gift or to show off hunting prowess.

Meaning: This behavior is rooted in instinct and serves as a form of sharing or seeking approval from their human companions.

Meowing:

Behavior: Meowing is a form of communication used by cats to express various needs, desires, or emotions.

Meaning: Cats may meow to greet their owners, ask for food, attention, or to indicate discomfort or distress.

Chewing Cords:

Behavior: Cats may chew on cords out of curiosity, boredom, or teething.

Solution: Providing appropriate chew toys, hiding or covering cords, and using deterrents can help prevent this behavior.

Going Outside the Litterbox:

Behavior: Going outside the litterbox can indicate medical issues, stress, or dissatisfaction with the litterbox.

Solution: Consulting a veterinarian to rule out medical problems and addressing any environmental or behavioral issues can help resolve this problem.

Kneading:

Behavior: Kneading is a common behavior where cats alternately push their paws in and out against a soft surface.

Purpose: This behavior is often associated with contentment, relaxation, and nursing behavior from kittenhood.

Eating Grass:

Behavior: Cats may eat grass as a way to aid digestion, expel hairballs, or fulfill their nutritional needs.

Purpose: Grass contains fiber and nutrients that can help with digestion and may provide relief from gastrointestinal issues.

Rubbing:

Behavior: Cats rub against objects or people to deposit their scent and mark their territory.

Meaning: This behavior is a form of social and environmental communication and is considered normal cat behavior.

Showing its belly

When cats display their bellies, it signifies a level of trust in their human companions. Though it may seem like an invitation for affection, touching their bellies can lead to swift reactions like paw swipes or playful nips. This isn't aggression but a signal that they weren't seeking physical affection. Approach cautiously, respecting their boundaries even if trust has been established over time.